Course Content
UNIT 1 | Friendship & Cooperation
"Communication within a friendship is important for human development throughout life. Beginning in childhood, friendships shape and reflect developments in social cognition, perspective-taking abilities, moral comportment, and cooperation as equals. During adolescence and younger adulthood, friendships cultivate ethical sensibilities, and understandings and practices of intimacy, identity, and sociability. Acrosslifef,e people describe three benefits of close friendship: somebody to talk to; to depend on and rely on for instrumental help, social support, and caring, and to have fun and enjoy doing things with. Communication with friends relieves loneliness and contributes to physical and psychological well-being."
0/4
1.1 Reading Comprehension: Friends in trouble
07:06
1.2 Language Practice: Term: Used to
04:44
1.3 Writing A Paragraph
05:36
1.4 Writing a Letter | Types of Letters
04:00
UNIT 2 | Natural Beauty Of Pakistan
"Natural beauty is unmatched. Pakistan has the world's most beautiful places to visit, especially at their best in northern areas of the Pakistan and Kashmir region. This part of the the country is famous all around the world because of sky high mountains, lush green valleys, mighty rivers, beautiful lakes, and amazing wildlife. The Paradise on Earth ‘Neelum Valley’ Mini Switzerland ‘Swat Valley’ and Mountain Kingdom ‘Hunza valley’ are the major tourist attractions in Pakistan."
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2.1 Reading Comprehension: My Blessed Beautiful Land
17:17
2.2 Speaking: Agee or Disagree Politely
04:33
2.3 Language Practice: Past Perfect Tense
05:27
2.4 Writing an Application
07:18
UNIT 3 | Traffic Education
"Traffic education means education on traffic rules. It embraces all rules and regulations to be followed while driving on roads. Traffic education is essential for drivers and pedestrians. Drivers and pedestrians having no traffic education may cause fatal accidents on the road. There are many rules and regulations in traffic. Some of them are following the order of the traffic police; following the speed limit sticking to the respective side, checking vehicles properly before driving, following the rules of loading vehicles with passengers or goods, in crowded places, and curves driving slowly and carefully and using horns, etc."
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3.1 Reading Comprehension: Better Be Safe Then Sorry
04:03
3.2 Speaking: Expressing Opinion
05:07
3.3 Language Practice: Imperative Sentences
03:31
3.4 Writing: A Formal Email
02:16
UNIT 4 | Exploring The Educational Opportunities
"Literacy involves gaining the skills and knowledge to read and interpret varying texts and artifacts, and successfully navigate and negotiate their challenges, conflicts, and crises. To the domains of reading, writing, and traditional print literacies, one could argue that in an era of technological revolution, educators must develop robust forms of media literacy, computer literacy, and multimedia literacies, thus cultivating “multiple literacies.”
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4.1 Reading Comprehension: Educational Exhibition
03:29
4.2 Language Practice: Direct & Indirect Speech
05:02
4.3 Writing A Paragraph
01:23
4.4 Word Class In English
07:45
UNIT 5 | Humanism
"Humanism is a rational philosophy informed by science, inspired by art, and motivated by compassion. Affirming the dignity of each human being supports the maximization of individual liberty and opportunity consonant with social and planetary responsibility. It advocates the extension of participatory democracy and the expansion of the open society, standing for human rights and social justice. Free of supernaturalism, it recognizes human beings as a part of nature and holds that values-be they religious, ethical, social, or political-have their source in human experience and culture."
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5.1 Reading Comprehension: What shaped Edhi’s Life
03:20
5.2 Language Practice: Linking Words
07:32
UNIT 6 | Sportsmanship
"Sportsmanship is a vital element of sports that ignites and maintains friendship, respect, and orderliness. It describes unbiased and kind behavior while treating opponents, officials, teammates, and spectators in sports. Sportsmanship is the ethical aspect of sports. It is displayed by the combination of positive qualities like fair play, integrity, and respect towards opponents, officials, teammates, and even the fans. Sportsmanship can also be demonstrated by displaying politeness even in defeat and sustaining self-discipline in dealings with others."
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6.1 Reading Comprehension: Sportsmanship
11:40
6.2 Language Practice: Comparative Adjectives
04:52
6.4 Reading Comprehension: The multiple roles that women play
04:34
6.5 Language Practice: Adjectives | Gradable and Non-Gradable
10:52
Grade 8 – English
About Lesson

What is Direct & Indirect Speech?
Direct speech – reporting the message of the speaker in exact words as spoken by him.
Direct speech example: Rama said „he is busy now‟.

Indirect speech: reporting the message of the speaker in our own words
Indirect speech example: Rama said that he was very busy then.

Grammar explanation

Reported speech is when we tell someone what another person said. To do this, we can use direct speech or indirect speech.

direct speech: ‘I work in a bank,’ said Daniel.
indirect speech: Daniel said that he worked in a bank.

In indirect speech, we often use a tense which is ‘further back’ in the past (e.g. worked) than the tense originally used (e.g. work). This is called ‘backshift’. We also may need to change other words that were used, for example pronouns.

Present simple, present continuous and present perfect

When we backshift, present simple changes to past simple, present continuous changes to past continuous and present perfect changes to past perfect.

‘I travel a lot in my job.’

  • Jamila said that she travelled a lot in her job.

‘The baby’s sleeping!’

  • He told me the baby was sleeping.

‘I’ve hurt my leg.’

  • She said she’d hurt her leg.

Past simple and past continuous

When we backshift, past simple usually changes to past perfect simple, and past continuous usually changes to past perfect continuous.

‘We lived in China for five years.’

  • She told me they’d lived in China for five years.

‘It was raining all day.’

  • He told me it had been raining all day.

Past perfect

The past perfect doesn’t change.

‘I’d tried everything without success, but this new medicine is great.’

  • He said he’d tried everything without success, but the new medicine was great.

Pronouns, demonstratives and adverbs of time and place

Pronouns also usually change in indirect speech.

‘I enjoy working in my garden,’ said Bob.

  • Bob said that he enjoyed working in his garden.

‘We played tennis for our school,’ said Alina.

  • Alina told me they’d played tennis for their school.

However, if you are the person or one of the people who spoke, then the pronouns don’t change.

‘I’m working on my thesis,’ I said.

  • I told her that I was working on my thesis.

‘We want our jobs back!’ we said.

  • We said that we wanted our jobs back.

We also change demonstratives and adverbs of time and place if they are no longer accurate.

‘This is my house.’

  • He said this was his house. [You are currently in front of the house.]
  • He said that was his house. [You are not currently in front of the house.]

‘We like it here.’

  • She told me they like it here. [You are currently in the place they like.]
  • She told me they like it there. [You are not in the place they like.]

‘I’m planning to do it today.’

  • She told me she’s planning to do it today. [It is currently still the same day.]
  • She told me she was planning to do it that day. [It is not the same day any more.]

In the same way, these changes to those, now changes to then, yesterday changes to the day before, tomorrow changes to the next/following day and ago changes to before.

Exercise Files
Direct-and-Indirect-speech-with-rules-and-examples.pdf
Size: 173.50 KB
Lesson-35-Reported-Speech-PDF.pdf
Size: 149.76 KB
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